Geographic patterns of forest-smallholder dynamics across the Gran Chaco
Related Publication: Christian Levers et al. (2021) Agricultural expansion and the ecological marginalization of forest-dependent people. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(44).

Class Description
Point Data
Forest-smallholder dynamics in the Chaco between
  • 1985 and 2015 (A)
  • 1985 and 2000 (B)
  • 2000 and 2015 (C)
Clear clusters of emerging (green) and disappearing (purple) forest-smallholder homesteads are highlighted that differ in major ways from the overall geographic distribution of persisting forest-smallholder homesteads (yellow). The point data is displayed with limited zoom-in option because it could potentially increase the vulnerability of smallholders and/or results in (re-)identification of households.
Gridded Data
  • presence of smallholder homesteads for target years in five-year intervals between 1985 and 2015 [% per grid cell]
  • net loss of smallholder homesteads between five-year intervals between 1985 and 2015 [% per grid cell]
  • net gain of smallholder homesteads between five-year intervals between 1985 and 2015 [% per grid cell]
Data Availability
The grid data shown in this webmap can be downloaded here. The raw data are maintained at the Conservation Biogeography Lab, Geography Department of Humboldt-University Berlin.
Please contact Tobias Kuemmerle for more information.


Webmapping: Ruben Butzer
Last Update: 06.05.2026